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- Australian Faunal Directory
- FishBase
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Overview |
Main identification features
- eye large
- silver
- tail fin large, forked
- mouth small, at front
- pectoral and pelvic black
- pelvic under d
Milkfish
Body elongate, moderately compressed; head pointed; eye large; mouth small, at front, without teeth; dorsal at midbody; pelvics under dorsal; anal small, well behind dorsal; scales small, smooth; lateral line present, straight, entire length of body; large forked tail.
Silvery; upper (inner) surfaces of pectoral and pelvic fins black.
Size: 180 cm.
Habitat: soft bottoms to the surface.
Depth: 0-15 m.
An Indo-Pacific species that extends into the eastern Pacific. Southern California to the central Gulf of California to Peru, Clipperton, Cocos, the Galapagos and Malpelo.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ).
Depth Range Max: 15 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: zooplankton; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); mobile benthic worms; benthic microalgae; pelagic fish larvae; pelagic fish eggs.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-12; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-76; Latitudinal range=45; Longitudinal range=42.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Herbivore; Omnivore; Planktivore.
FishBase Habitat: Bentho-Pelagic.
Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Estuary; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Sand & gravel; Reef (rock &/or coral); Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Reef and soft bottom; Water column; Corals.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 180 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Eastern Pacific non-endemic; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Brackish; Marine.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Mid Water; Surface; Bottom + water column;
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Names | |
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Links to other sites | |
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References |
- Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1994., Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific., Crawford House Press Pty Ltd:1-332.
- Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1997., An Annotated Checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Tropical Eastern Pacific., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45:813-843.
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castri-Aguirre, J.L., Espinoza-Pérez, H. and Schmitter-Soto, J.J., 2002., Lista sitemática, biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de México. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:117-142.
- Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and Balart, E. F., 1997., Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de fondos blandos y someros de la Ensenada de La Paz y Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:139-150.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L., 1999., Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de México., Editorial Limusa S.A. de C.V.: 1-629pp.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Forsskål, P., 1775., Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit... Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae., Descr. Animalium, :1-164.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Jordan, D.S., 1895., The fishes of Sinaloa., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2), 5:377-514.
- Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Madrid Vera , J. , Ruíz Luna , A. and Rosado Bravo, I., 1998., Peces de la plataforma continental de Michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el Pacífico mexicano., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 42(2):267-276.
- Molina, L., Danulat, E., Oviedo, M., González, J.A., 2004., Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos., Fundación Charles Darwin / Agencia Espeñola de Cooperación Internacional / Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 115pp.
- Ramírez Rodríguez, M., 1997., Producción pesquera en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:273-282.
- Ricker, K.E., 1959., Mexican shore and pelagic fishes collected from Acapulco to Cape San Lucas during the 1957 cruise of the "Marijean"., Univ. Brit. Columbia Inst. Fish., Mus. Contrib., 3:18pp.
- Robertson , D.R. and Allen, G.A., 1996., Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll., Coral Reefs, 15:121-131.
- Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
- Vega, A.J., Villareal, N., 2003., Peces asociados a arrecifes y manglares en el Parque Nacional Coiba., Tecnociencia, 5:65-76.
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Chanos&speciesname=chanos ---> http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Chanos&speciesname=chanos
http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Chanos&speciesname=chanos ---> https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Chanos&speciesname=chanos
https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Chanos&speciesname=chanos ---> https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Chanos-chanos.html
Chanos chanos, Milkfish : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, bait
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Chanos chanos
Picture by
Randall, J.E.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Gonorynchiformes
(Milkfishes) >
Chanidae
(Milkfish)
Etymology:
Chanos:
Greek, chanos, -eos, ous, and chasma, -atos = abyss, mouth opened, inmensity (Ref.
45335
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 1 - 30 m (Ref.
6898
), usually ? - 15 m (Ref.
89972
). Tropical; 15°C - 43°C (Ref.
43081
); 46°N - 52°S, 19°E - 77°W
Indo-Pacific: along continental shelves and around islands, where temperatures are greater than 20°C. Red Sea and South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, north to Japan, south to Victoria, Australia. Eastern Pacific: San Pedro, California to the Galapagos.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
86.1
, range 68 - 70 cm
Max length : 180 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9710
); 124.0 cm SL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9814
); max. published weight: 14.0 kg (Ref.
9814
); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref.
9814
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 2;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 13-17;
Anal
spines
: 2;
Anal
soft rays
: 8 - 10;
Vertebrae
: 46. This species is characterized by the following: body elongate and somewhat compressed; mouth small and toothless; single dorsal about mid-level of the body; pectoral fins falcate; caudal fin large and deeply forked; no scutes on belly; branchiostegal rays 4. Colour of the body olive green dorsally; flanks silvery; unpaired fins with dark margins (Ref.
49
,
117228
).
Adults are found in offshore marine waters and shallow coastal embayments, but also frequently enter estuaries and occasionally penetrate freshwater streams (Ref.
44894
,
52331
). They occur in small to large schools near the coasts or around islands where reefs are well developed. Eggs and larvae are pelagic up to 2-3 weeks. Older larvae migrate onshore and settle in coastal wetlands (mangroves, estuaries) during the juvenile stage, or occasionally enter freshwater lakes. Juveniles and sub-adults return to sea where they mature sexually. Mature adults spawn only in fully saline water. Larvae eat zooplankton; juveniles and adults eat cyanobacteria, soft algae, small benthic invertebrates, and even pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Larvae are collected from rivers and are grown in culture ponds into juveniles which are marketed fresh, smoked, canned or frozen. Brood stocks can be raised and spawned in captivity to produce larvae in the hatchery (Ref.
12868
). This species can thrive and grow in water as hot as 32° C (Ref.
9987
).
Spawns in clear shallow waters above a bottom of sand or coral and at a distance of not more than 30 km from the shore. Females spawn up to 5 million eggs which hatch in about 24 hr. The larvae seek out clear coastal and estuarine waters warmer than 23°C with 10-32 salinity and abundant phytoplankton. Spawning and fertilization take place at night.
Bagarinao, T.
, 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish,
Chanos chanos
. Environ. Biol. Fishes 39(1):23-41. (Ref.
9814
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
23 June 2016
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: usually
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 20.7 - 29.2, mean 28.2 °C (based on 4182 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00651 - 0.01113), b=3.06 (2.98 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.6 ±0.18 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (tm=4-8; tmax=15; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.49, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Unknown
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 46.4 [25.2, 89.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.661 [0.361, 1.169] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [15.5, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.111 [0.053, 0.225] g/100g; Selenium = 87.2 [39.4, 201.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.4 [3.5, 34.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.39 [0.95, 2.06] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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